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JungYeun-Do     2013-03-04 (¿ù) 00:39    Ãßõ:0     Á¶È¸:652     172.xxx.14



 

http://cafe.daum.net/econimist
 
 

Schumpeter

A guide in Africa

½·ÆäÅÍ

¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ °¡À̵å

Why investors in frontier markets need someone to show them around

¿Ö ÇÁ·±Æ¼¾î ¸¶ÄÏÀÇ ÅõÀÚÀÚµéÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾È³»ÇØ ÁÙ  ´©±º°¡¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϴ°¡

Feb 23rd 2013 |From the print edition



CARDBOARD BOXES are not sexy. But they are useful: imagine trying to shift a lorryload of eggs from farm to shop without packaging. Because boxes make it easier to move things around, they allow shops to stock a wider variety of goods at lower prices. So to run a cardboard-box factory in Africa is to put more and better food on African plates.

ÆÇÁö³ª¹«»óÀÚ´Â ¸Å·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù. ÇÑ Æ®·° °¡µæÂù ´Þ°¿À» Æ÷Àå¹Ú½º¾øÀÌ ³óÀå¿¡¼­ °¡°Ô·Î ¿Å±æ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º¸¶ó. »óÀÚ´Â ¹°°ÇÀ» ¿òÁ÷À̱â Æí¸®ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº »óÁ¡µéÀÌ ³·Àº °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ »óÇ°À» º¸°üÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ³ª¹« »óÀÚ°øÀåÀ» ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº  ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÎÀÇ ±×¸©¿¡ ´õ ¸¹°í ÁÁÀº À½½ÄÀ» Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 show around:  ~¿¡°Ô (~À») µÑ·¯º¸µµ·Ï ¾È³»ÇÏ´Ù[±¸°æ½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ´Ù]

cardboard box: (ÁÖ·Î ¼ÒÆ÷³ª ÁüÀ» ½Î´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â) ÆÇÁö(÷ùòµ) »óÀÚ
lorryload: Æ®·°°¡µæÇÑ

The Riley Packaging plant in Uganda is quite a sight. From wall to wall and floor to ceiling, it is crammed with vast rolls of paper. A visitor feels like an ant gazing at stacks of toilet rolls. A management consultant might ask: why does Riley need to keep so much inventory—three months¡¯ worth—heaped idly on the floor? Surely there are better uses for the firm¡¯s capital?

¿ì°£´Ù¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¶óÀϸ® Æ÷Àå °øÀåÀº °¡°üÀÌ´Ù. º®¿¡¼­ º®±îÁö ±×¸®°í ¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼­ õÁ¤±îÁö Á¾ÀÌ·ÑÀÌ ½×¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æ¹®ÀÚ´Â È­Àå½Ç ÈÞÁö´õ¹Ì¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº¸´Â °³¹Ì¿Í °°Àº ´À³¦À» °¡Áø´Ù. °æ¿µ ÄÁ¼³ÅÏÆ®´Â ¿Ö ¶óÀϸ®»ç´Â ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº Àç°í--3°³¿ùÄ¡--¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î? ¶ó°í ¹°¾î º¼  ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.  È®½ÇÈ÷ ȸ»çÀÇ ÀÚº»ÀÇ Àß »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀϱî?

quite a sight: ¸ÚÀÖ´Ù. °¡°üÀÌ´Ù.
cram with: Àï¿© ³õ´Ù.
stack: ´õ¹Ì


Actually, no. The paper has to be imported. Uganda is landlocked. The nearest port, at Mombasa in Kenya, is more than 1,000km (620 miles) away on iffy roads. Containers passing through customs there face long and unpredictable delays. The factory keeps masses of inventory because it cannot rely on supplies to arrive just-in-time. And ¡°we can¡¯t ever let customers down,¡± says Ashish Thakkar, a part-owner of the firm.

½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù. Á¾ÀÌ´Â ¼öÀԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì°£´Ù´Â À°Áö·Î µÑ·¯½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù.  °¡Àå °¡±î¿î Ç×±¸´Â ÄɳÄÀÇ ¸ö¹Ù»ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¥ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ±æ·Î 1,000km (620 ¸¶ÀÏ) ÀÌ»ó ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±× °÷¿¡¼­ ¼¼°üÀ» Åë°úÇÏ´Â ÄÁÅ×À̳ʵéÀº ÁÙÀÌ ±æ°í ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº Áö¿¬À» °Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù. °øÀåÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ Á¦´ë·Î °ø±Þ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸¹Àº Àç°í¸¦ º¸À¯ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í  "¿ì¸®´Â °í°´À» ½Ç¸Á ½ÃŲ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾î¿ä" ¶ó°í ȸ»çÀÇ °øµ¿ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚÀÎ ¾Æ½¬½¬ ´ÙÄ«¸£´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.  

landlocked: À°Áö·Î µÑ·¯ ½ÎÀÎ
iffy:ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº

Ignorant investors beware
¹«ÁöÇÑ ÅõÀÚÀÚ´Â ÁÖÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

Global investors are salivating over Africa. They know the continent is growing fast and they want a piece of the action. But how? There are not enough listed African firms to absorb even a fraction of the ignorant money itching to flow south of the Sahara.

±Û·Î¹ú ÅõÀÚÀÚ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±ºÄ§À» È긮°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±× ´ë·úÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?  ½ÉÁö¾î »çÇ϶óÀ̳² Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ÅõÀÚÇÏ°í ½Í¾î ÇÏ´Â ÅõÀÚÀÚÀÇ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »óÀåµÈ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ȸ»ç°¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

salivate: ±ºÄ§À» È긮´Ù.
itch: ÇÏ°í ½Í¾î ÇÏ´Ù.

The real money in Africa is in selling stuff to the emerging middle class. Plenty of foreign firms know how to make things that Africans want to buy. But they don¡¯t know their way around Africa. They need a guide. That is where Mr Thakkar comes in. He is the founder of the Mara Group, a conglomerate that helps outsiders do business in Africa. Mara has fingers in pies of every flavour. Its joint ventures not only make boxes in Uganda; they also make glass, build hotels and operate call centres all over Africa.

¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ÀÚ±ÝÀº ¶°¿À¸£´Â Áß»êÃþ¿¡°Ô »óÇ°À» ÆǸÅÇÏ´Â ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¿Ü±¹ ±â¾÷Àº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ç±â ¿øÇÏ´Â ¹°°ÇÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇؾßÇÏ´Â Áö¸¦ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×µéÀº °¡À̵尡 ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾°¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ »ç¾÷À» ÇÏ´Â ¿ÜºÎÀο¡°Ô µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â ±â¾÷ÀÎ  ¸¶¶ó±×·ìÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶¶ó´Â ¸ðµç ÀÏ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.  ±×ÀÇ ÇÕÀÛȸ»ç´Â ¿ì°£´Ù¿¡¼­ ¹Ú½º¸¸ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀº À¯¸®ÀÜÀ» ¸¸µé°í, È£ÅÚÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÏ°í, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Äݼ¾Å͸¦ ¿î¿µÇÑ´Ù.

fingers in pies of every flavour: ¸ðµç ÀÏ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Ù.

Mr Thakkar is no expert in any of these businesses. Ask him what exactly Mara does for IBM to help it fulfil its IT contract for Bharti Airtel, a mobile-phone firm, and he puts the man in charge on speakerphone to explain. In a typical Mara venture, the foreign partner provides the technical expertise. Mara offers local knowledge: how to buy land, cope with red tape, promote the business, manage relations with suppliers and so on.

´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ÀÌµé ºÐ¾ß ±× ¾îµð¿¡¼­µµ Àü¹®°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À̵¿ÀüÈ­ ȸ»çÀÎ ºêÇϸ® ¿¡¾îÅÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ IBM»çÀÇ IT°è¾à ¼º»ç¸¦ Áö¿øÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¶¶ó°¡ Á¤È®È÷ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çß´Â Áö ¹°¾îºÁ¶ó. ±×´Â À̸¦ ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷À» ½ºÇÇÄ¿ÆùÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¸¶¶ó º¥Ã³¿¡¼­´Â ¿Ü±¹ ÆÄÆ®³Ê°¡ ±â¼úÀü¹®°¡¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶¶ó´Â ÇØ´ç Áö¿ªÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ÅäÁö¸¦ ±¸¸ÅÇÏ°í, ±ÔÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ°í, »ç¾÷À» ÃËÁøÇÏ°í, °ø±ÞÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â µîµîÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. 

This is a potent business model. For all the current optimism about Africa, it is still a tough place to do business. Mr Thakkar knows this only too well. His family arrived in Uganda (from India) in 1890. They lost everything in 1972, when Idi Amin, a dunce of a despot, kicked out Uganda¡¯s Asians and grabbed their shops. The Thakkars returned to Africa in 1993: to Rwanda, shortly before the genocide. They lost everything again. Mr Thakkar, who was a schoolboy at the time, saw bodies strewn in the streets as he was evacuated. Undeterred, he started his first business when he was 15. Every weekend he flew from Entebbe to Dubai to fill a suitcase with electronic gizmos, which he took back to Uganda and sold. The Mara Group now employs 7,000 people. Since it is privately held, it is impossible to say how profitable it is, but Mr Thakkar says margins are ¡°decent¡±.

ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ »ç¾÷¸ðµ¨ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇöÀçÀÇ ³«°üÁÖÀÇ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ç¾÷À» Çϱ⿡´Â  ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.  ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³Ê¹« Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·Àº 1890³â¿¡ Àεµ¿¡¼­ ¿ì°£´Ù·Î ÀÌ»ç¿Ô´Ù. ¹Ùº¸°°Àº Æø±º À̵ð ¾Æ¹ÎÀÌ ¿ì°£´ÙÀÇ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀ» 쫒¾Æ³»°í ±×µéÀÇ »óÁ¡À» »©¾Ñ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ÀÎ 1972³â¿¡ ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÒ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÒ¾ú´Ù. ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â 1993³â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸£¿Ï´Ù·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù. ´ëÇлìÀÌ ÀϾ±â ¹Ù·Î ÀüÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÇлýÀ̾ú´ø ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ±×°¡ Çdz­ÇßÀ» ¶§ °Å¸®¿¡ Èð¾îÁø ½Ãü¸¦ º¸¾Ò´Ù.  ±×°¡ 15¼¼ ¿´À» ¶§,  ±×´Â ´Ü³äÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×ÀÇ Ã¹ »ç¾÷À» ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.  ±×´Â  ¿£Å׺£¿¡¼­ µÎ¹ÙÀÌ·Î  ¸Å ÁÖ¸»¸¶´Ù ³¯¾Æ°¡ Àü±âÀåºñ¸¦ ¿©Çà°¡¹æÀ¸·Î °¡µæ ä¿ü´Ù. ¿ì°£´Ù·Î ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ÆǸÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¶¶ó±×·ìÀº ÇöÀç 7,000¸íÀ» °í¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ȸ»ç´Â °³Àαâ¾÷À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¼öÀÍÀÌ ³ª´Â Áö ¾Ë±â´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ¸¶ÁøÀÌ "±¦Âú´Ù"°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

dunce:Àú´É¾Æ
despot:Æø±º
strew: »Ñ·ÁÁø
Undeterred: ´Ü³äÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í
gizmo: Àåºñ
decent:±¦ÂúÀº

Mara is different from other African fixers in two ways. First, it is pan-African. Most fixers only have contacts in one country; Mara has operations in 19. This is crucial. Many African countries are small. Multinationals would rather sign a single pan-African contract than lots of small ones. Starting in Uganda, where his family knows everyone, Mr Thakkar has forged ties with bigwigs across the continent. It helps that his family knows the other Gujarati business families in east Africa. It helps even more that Mr Thakkar gets invited to shindigs like Davos, where African presidents are plentiful and far more approachable than at home.

¸¶¶ó´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÇØ°á»ç¿Í´Â µÎ °¡Áö Á¡¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ù°·Î ±×°ÍÀº ¹ü¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÇØ°á»ç´Â ÇÑ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­¸¸ °è¾àÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶¶ó´Â 19°³±¹¿¡¼­ ¿µ¾÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡µéÀº ÀÛ´Ù. ´Ù±¹Àû ±â¾÷µéÀº ¼Ò±Ô¸ðÀÇ ´Ù¼ö°Ç º¸´Ù´Â ´ÜÀÏÇÑ ¹ü ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °è¾à¿¡ »çÀÎÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù.  ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¿ì°£´Ù¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿©, ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ´ë·ú¿¡ °ÉÃÄ °Å¹°µé°ú À¯´ë¸¦ Çü¼ºÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.  ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀÌ µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ±¸ÀÚ¶óƼ »ç¾÷ °¡Á·µéÀ» ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀº   µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.  ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ÀÚ±¹º¸´Ù ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ¸¹°í, ÈξÀ ´õ Á¢±ÙÇϱâ ÁÁÀº ´Ùº¸½º °°Àº ¶°µé½âÇÑ ÆÄƼ¿¡ ÃÊ´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

fixer: ÇØ°á»ç
shindig:¶°µé½âÇÑ ÆÄƼ

Second, Mara has a brand: a reputation for integrity, and for getting the job done. This was hard-earned. Once, when the operator of a box-making machine was sick, Mr Thakkar grabbed the instruction manual, took charge and stayed up all night so as not to be late delivering an order to Unilever. Potential partners know Mr Thakkar will do anything to avoid tarnishing the Mara brand, so they trust him. In countries where the rule of law is weak and contracts hard to enforce, that matters.

µÑ°·Î, ¸¶¶ó´Â ºê·£µå¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÏÀÌ µÇ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ÏÀü¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆòÆÇÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.  ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾î·Æ°Ô ¾ò¾îÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ ¶§ ¹Ú½º Á¦Á¶±â°èÀÇ ¿î¿µÀÚ°¡ º´ÀÌ ³µÀ» ¶§, ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â »ç¿ë¼³¸í¼­¸¦ ºÙÀâ°í À¯´Ï·¹¹öÀÇ ÁÖ¹®¿¡ ´ÊÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áö°í ¹ãÀ»  ¼¼¿ü´Ù. ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ÆÄÆ®³Ê´Â ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾°¡ ¸¶¶ó ºê·£µåÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ¶óµµ ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ ½Å·ÚÇÑ´Ù. ¹ýÀÇ Áö¹è°¡ ¾àÇÏ°í °è¾àÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ±â Èûµç ±¹°¡¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.

 integrity: Áø½Ç¼º, ¿ÏÀüÇÔ, 
rule of law:¹ýÀÇ Áö¹è

There is money to be made in Africa by getting the basics right. For example, in Kampala, the Ugandan capital, Mara is building a hotel with shops attached. One selling point will be: enough parking spaces. At the shopping centre across the road, you need a driver to drop you off. If you have no driver, tough.

¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î µÇ±â À§Çؼ­ µ·ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¿ì°£´ÙÀÇ ¼öµµ įÆȶ󿡼­  ¸¶¶ó´Â °¡°èµéÀÌ Àִ ȣÅÚÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ ÀåÁ¡Àº ÃæºÐÇÑ ÁÖÂ÷°ø°£ÀÌ´Ù. ±æ °Ç³Ê ¼îÇμ¾ÅÍ¿¡¼­´Â ´ç½ÅÀ» ³»·ÁÁÙ ¿îÀü¼ö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.  ¿îÀü¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é Èûµé´Ù.

Mr Thakkar brims with ideas for new businesses. Microfinance via mobile phones in east Africa. Growing sugar in Nigeria. And even, via his non-profit foundation, a pan-African social-networking site. He is also adept at Richard Branson-style public relations. He is planning to be an astronaut, and to take the flags of the nations where he operates into space.

´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â »õ·Î¿î »ç¾÷ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î°¡ ³ÑÄ£´Ù. µ¿ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ÇÚµåÆùÀ» ÅëÇÑ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÆÄÀ̳½½º »ç¾÷À» ÇÏ´Â °Í, ³ªÀÌÁö¶ó¾Æ¿¡¼­ ¼³ÅÁÀÇ ±Ô¸ð¸¦ È®´ëÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¹ü ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¼Ò¼È³×Æ®¿öÅ· »çÀÌÆ®ÀÎ ±×ÀÇ ºñ¿µ¸®Àç´ÜÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í µîÀÌ ±× ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â  ¸®Â÷µå ºê·£½¼ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ PR¿¡µµ ¶ÇÇÑ ´É¼÷ÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â  ¿ìÁÖºñÇà»ç°¡ µÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °èȹÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°¡  ¿µ¾÷ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±¹±â¸¦ ¿ìÁַΠ°¡Á®°¡°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

brim: ³ÑÄ¡´Ù.
adept:´É¼÷ÇÑ


Mara is a family concern—Mr Thakkar¡¯s father is the chairman—and has wealthy backers in the Gulf (it is based in Dubai). But its growth has been powered by one restless individual. That may be a weakness: a conglomerate that relies on the charm and dealmaking skills of one man may struggle to outlive him. An obvious parallel is Lonrho, a pan-African conglomerate built up by the late ¡°Tiny¡± Rowland, a swashbuckling British entrepreneur. Lonrho fell apart after Rowland retired, and is now only a fragment of its former glory. The Mara Group ¡°is just one really driven guy¡±, warns another African entrepreneur. Maybe so; but Mr Thakkar is only 31, and has plenty of drive left.

¸¶¶ó´Â °¡Á·È¸»çÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ÀÌ»çȸ ÀÇÀåÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ÉÇÁÁö¿ª(µÎ¹ÙÀÌ¿¡ º»Á¡À» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù)¿¡ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Áö¿ø°¡¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¼ºÀåÀº ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ºÎ´ÜÈ÷ È°µ¿ÇÏ´Â °³Àο¡ ÀÇÇØ °­È­µÇ¾î ¿Ô¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´ÜÁ¡ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.  ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸Å·Â°ú Çù»ó±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷Àº ±×¸¦ ´É°¡Çϱ⠾î·Á¿ï ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.  ¾ÆÁÖ À¯»çÇÑ »ç·Ê°¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¥ ±× ¿¹°¡ ¾ß½ÉÂù ¿µ±¹ ±â¾÷°¡ÀÎ ÀÛ°íÇÑ "ÀÛÀº"·Î¿ì·£µå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼¼¿öÁø ¹ü¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±â¾÷ÀÎ ·Ð·ÎÀÌ´Ù. ·Ð·Î´Â ·Î¿ì·£µå°¡ ÀºÅðÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ Ç϶ôÇÏ¿© Áö±ÝÀº Àü ¿µ±¤ÀÇ ÀϺθ¸À» °Ü¿ì À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶¶ó ±×·ìÀº  "´ÜÁö ÅõÁö°¡ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ÇѸíÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿î¿µÇϴ ȸ»çÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í  ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±â¾÷ÀÎÀº °æ°íÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×·² °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ÙÄ«¸£¾¾´Â ´ÜÁö 31¼¼ÀÌ°í ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸¹Àº ÈûÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

restless:ºÎ´ÜÈ÷ È°µ¿ÇÏ´Â
swashbuckling: Çã¼¼[¸¸¿ë]¸¦ ºÎ¸®´Â; (¿µÈ­°¡) ¸ðÇè°ú ½º¸±¿¡ Âù
driven:ÅõÁö°¡ ³ÑÄ¡´Â 
 
 

Buttonwood

Come together

 

¹öÅÏ¿ìµå

 

ÇÕº´
 

Don¡¯t just sit there, bid for something

¾É¾Æ¸¸ ÀÖÁö ¸»°í ÀμöÀü(îú)¿¡ ³ª¼­¶ó.


Feb 23rd 2013 |From the print edition



SPRING is almost here and many of nature¡¯s species are planning to mate. In the corporate sector, too, all kinds of couplings are being attempted—from management buy-outs (Dell) and all-share mergers (American Airlines and US Airways) to a menage a trois in the form of a bid for Heinz from Warren Buffett and a Brazilian private-equity group.

º½ ±â¿îÀÌ ¿Ï¿¬ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¿©·¯ Á¾µéÀº ¦Áþ±â¸¦ ÁغñÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±â¾÷°è¿¡¼­µµ ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ °áÇÕÀÌ ½ÃµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù - °æ¿µ±Ç Àμö(Dell)¿Í ÇÕº´(American Airlines¿Í US Airways)¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Warren Buffett°ú ºê¶óÁú »ç¸ðÆÝµå ±×·ìÀÇ Heinz °øµ¿ Àμö ½Ãµµ¿Í °°Àº 3ÀÚ °áÇÕ±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù.



ménage à trois : »ïÀÚ°ü°è




Does this flurry of activity signal the revival of the merger boom which imploded (along with the banking sector and the world economy) in 2007-08? KPMG, an accountancy group, has a global M&A predictor based on the prospective price-earnings ratio of the stockmarket. A higher ratio means companies will be more confident about making acquisitions. Because the prospective p/e has risen by 15% over the past six months, and because companies have the ability to borrow cheaply, KPMG thinks M&A activity will pick up further this year.

ÀÌ ¿ä¶õ½º·± È°µ¿ÀÌ 2007-08³â¿¡ (ÀºÇàºÎ¹®°ú ¼¼°è °æÁ¦¿Í ÇÔ²²) ºØ±«ÇÑ ÇÕº´ ºÕ ºÎÈ°ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀϱî? ȸ°è¹ýÀÎ KPMG´Â ÁֽĽÃÀåÀÇ ÁÖ°¡¼öÀÍ·ü(price-earnings ratio, p/e) Àü¸Á¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ±Û·Î¹ú M&A ¿¹»óÁö¼ö¸¦ °¡Áö°í  ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖ°¡¼öÀÍ·üÀÌ ³ôÀ¸¸é ±â¾÷µéÀº Àμö¿¡  º¸´Ù ´õ °­ÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â Àǹ̷ΠÇؼ®ÇÑ´Ù. Áö³­ 6°³¿ù µ¿¾È p/e Àü¸ÁÄ¡°¡ 15% »ó½ÂÇß°í ±â¾÷µéÀº ½Ñ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±Ý Â÷ÀÔÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ »óȲÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ KPMG´Â M&A È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿ÃÇØ ´õ È°¹ßÇØÁú °ÍÀ¸·Î Àü¸ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


implode:ºØ±«ÇÑ 




But low interest rates and a rising stockmarket cannot be the only reasons why activity is picking up. Both conditions have been in place since the spring of 2009. Many bosses now expect sluggish growth in the developed world, and believe they have milked all the possible gains from cost-cutting in their internal operations. A big deal is the best hope for driving the business forward, some think.


±×·¯³ª Àú±Ý¸®¿Í ÁֽĽÃÀå »ó½ÂÀÌ M&A È°µ¿ ȸº¹ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÏ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. µÎ °¡Áö ¸ðµÎ 2009³â º½ºÎÅÍ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´ø Á¶°ÇÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý ¸¹Àº CEOµéÀº ¼±Áø±¹ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀÌ ºÎÁøÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î Àü¸ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í,  È¸»ç ³»ºÎÀÇ ºñ¿ë »è°¨À» ÅëÇؼ­´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç À̵æÀ» ÀÌ¹Ì ¾òÀº »óŶó°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºòµôÀ» ¼º»ç½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ ºñÁî´Ï½º¸¦ ¼ºÀå½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ»óÀÇ ¹æ¾ÈÀ̶ó°í ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µéÀº »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù..




The merger as cost-saving programme is one of the hoariest justifications for doing deals. Two businesses operating in the same industry may be able to make substantial savings: they will not need two sets of accounts or sales departments, for example. Merger announcements often trumpet such ¡°synergies¡± but fail to mention the disruption that can be caused when employees of both companies are uncertain of their job prospects or the clash of cultures that can result from blending two groups together.


ºñ¿ë Àý°¨ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÇÕº´Àº °Å·¡ ¼º»ç¸¦ À§ÇÑ °¡Àå ¼È¸í·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Â Á¤´çÈ­ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. µÎ ±â¾÷ÀÌ °°Àº »ê¾÷ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ °æÀïÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ »ó´çÇÑ Àý°¨ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù : ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, µÎ °³ÀÇ È¸°èºÎ¼­³ª ¿µ¾÷Á¶Á÷Àº ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÕº´ ¼±¾ðÀº Á¾Á¾ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¡°½Ã³ÊÁö¡±¸¦ À̾߱â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾çÂÊ ±â¾÷ Á÷¿øµéÀÌ Á÷¾÷ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´À³¥ ¶§ ÃÊ·¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºÐ¿­À̳ª µÎ ±×·ìÀ» Çϳª·Î È¥ÇÕ½ÃÅ°´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ºÒ°ÅÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹®È­Àû Ãæµ¹¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.



hoary:½ÃµéÇÑ


Other acquisitions can be disguised research-and-development programmes. These usually occur in industries like technology and pharmaceuticals. Big firms buy smaller ones that have a promising product but lack the muscle to develop it. This approach suits both parties. Large firms often struggle to develop new products in-house; small companies often struggle to monetise their ideas.

´Ù¸¥ Àμö´Â ¿¬±¸°³¹ß ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °¡ÀåÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì´Â º¸Åë ±â¼ú°ú Á¦¾à °°Àº »ê¾÷ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°ï ÇÑ´Ù. ´ë±â¾÷Àº À¯¸ÁÇÑ Á¦Ç° ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ °®°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±×°ÍÀ» °³¹ßÇÒ ¿ª·®Àº ºÎÁ·ÇÑ Áß¼Ò±â¾÷À» ÀμöÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ½ÄÀº ¾çÂÊ ¸ðµÎÀÇ ±â´ë¿¡ ºÎÀÀÇÑ´Ù. ´ë±â¾÷Àº Á¾Á¾ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ½ÅÁ¦Ç°À» °³¹ßÇϴµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ°í, Áß¼Ò±â¾÷Àº ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ »ó¾÷È­Çϴµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ´Â´Ù.




Acquisitions can also be a form of financial engineering. This was a favourite game of the conglomerates of the 1970s and 1980s. A company with highly rated shares would bid for a group with poorly rated equity. Say Acme has 100m shares, earnings of $10m (earnings per share of 10 cents) and a share price of $2 (a price-earnings ratio of 20). Grotco has the same earnings and number of shares but its share price is just $1 (a p/e of 10). If Acme makes an all-share bid valuing Grotco at $1.20, it will need to issue 60m new shares. The combined group will have $20m of earnings, 160m shares and earnings per share of 12.5 cents. With the help of nothing more than maths, Acme¡¯s earnings per share will have jumped by 25%.

Àμö´Â Á¾Á¾ ±ÝÀ¶°øÇÐÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ¶î ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº 1970³â´ë¿Í 1980³â´ëÀÇ ´ë±â¾÷±×·ìÀÌ ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ÁÖ½ÄÀÌ °íÆò°¡µÈ ±â¾÷ÀÌ ÁÖ½ÄÀÌ ÀúÆò°¡µÈ ±â¾÷ Àμö¿¡ ³ª¼­°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Acme¶õ ±â¾÷ÀÌ 1¾ï ÁÖÀÇ ÁÖ½ÄÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í, ¼öÀÍÀº 1õ¸¸ ´Þ·¯À̸ç(ÁÖ´ç¼øÀÌÀÍÀº 10 ¼¾Æ®), ÁÖ°¡´Â 2 ´Þ·¯¶ó°í(ÁÖ°¡¼öÀÍ·üÀº 20) ÇÏÀÚ. Grotco¶õ ±â¾÷ÀÇ ¼öÀÍ°ú ÁÖ½Ä ¼ö´Â Acme¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°í, ÁÖ°¡´Â °Ü¿ì 1 ´Þ·¯¶ó°í(p/e´Â 10) ÇÏÀÚ. Acme°¡ GrotcoÀÇ ÁÖ½ÄÀ» ÁÖ´ç 1.20 ´Þ·¯·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ¿© ÀμöÇÏ·Á¸é Acme´Â 6õ¸¸ ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÁÖ(ãæñ»)¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÕº´µÈ ±×·ìÀÇ ¼öÀÍÀº 2õ¸¸ ´Þ·¯, ÁÖ½Ä ¼ö´Â 1¾ï 6õ¸¸ ÁÖÀÌ°í, ÁÖ´ç¼øÀÌÀÍÀº 12.5 ¼¾Æ®°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÜÁö ¼öÇÐÀÇ µµ¿ò¸¸À¸·Î AcmeÀÇ ÁÖ´ç¼øÀÌÀÍÀº 25% »ó½ÂÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.




The ¡°brilliance¡± of Acme¡¯s managers may well be rewarded with an even higher share price and a better rating, allowing it to make further deals. All is well until Acme makes a duff purchase and the market loses faith. At that point conglomerates often disintegrate.


Acme °ü¸®ÀÚµéÀÇ ¡°¿µ¸®ÇÔ¡±Àº ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ ³ôÀº ÁÖ°¡ÀÇ »ó½Â°ú  ´õ ÁÁÀº µî±ÞÀ¸·Î º¸»óÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ°í Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ °Å·¡¸¦ °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  Acme»ç°¡  ÇÊ¿ä¾ø´Â ÀμöÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ½ÃÀåÀÇ ½Å·Ú¸¦ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®±â Àü±îÁö´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¼øÁ¶·Ó´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ´Â ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼­ ´ë±â¾÷±×·ìÀº Á¾Á¾ ÇØüµÈ´Ù.



duff:¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â, Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â

In the modern era financial engineering is more likely to be pursued by replacing equity with tax-advantaged debt, paying down the latter with the odd strategic disposal. It is a neat trick provided the predator gets its timing right and does not borrow too much at the top of the market.

ÁÖ½Ä ´ë½Å ¼¼Á¦ ÇýÅÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Â÷ÀÔÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°í, Â÷ÀÔ ÀÚ±ÝÀº Ưº°ÇÑ Àü·«Àû óºÐ(¸Å°¢)À» ÅëÇؼ­ Áö±ÞÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Çö´ë¿¡´Â ±ÝÀ¶°øÇÐÀÌ Ãß±¸µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ´õ ³ô´Ù. ÀμöÀÚ°¡ ÃÖÀûÀÇ ½Ã±â¸¦ Æ÷ÂøÇÏ°í ½ÃÀå ÃÖ°íÁ¡¿¡¼­ ³Ê¹« Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô Â÷ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀº  ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ±â¹ýÀÌ´Ù.


predator:Æ÷½ÄÀÚ


Finally, some mergers and acquisitions may be done out of desperation. Executives feel under pressure if their profits disappoint. An acquisition shows shareholders that something is being done, just as a beleaguered football manager may buy a new striker to appease disgruntled fans. Executives may also feel a merger with a friendly rival (with juicy severance packages for departing managers) is preferable to a hostile takeover. That fear seems to have spurred Office Depot and OfficeMax, two purveyors of paper clips, to announce a merger on February 20th.

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î Àý¹ÚÇÔ¿¡¼­ ÃßÁøµÇ´Â ÀμöÇÕº´ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÀÍ ½ÇÀûÀÌ ½Ç¸Á½º·¯¿ì¸é °æ¿µÁøÀº ¾Ð¹ÚÀ» ´À³¢°Ô µÈ´Ù. °ø¼¼¿¡ ½Ã´Þ¸° Ã౸ÆÀ °¨µ¶ÀÌ ºÒ¸¸ °¡µæÇÑ ÆÒµéÀ» ´Þ·¡±â À§ÇØ »õ·Î¿î ½ºÆ®¶óÀÌÄ¿ ¿µÀÔ¿¡ ³ª¼­´Â °æ¿ìó·³, Àμö´Â ÁÖÁֵ鿡°Ô ¹«¾ð°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀλóÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °æ¿µÁøÀº ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀÎ °æÀïÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ ÇÕº´ÀÌ(ÇØÁ÷µÇ´Â °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÈÄÇÑ Àüº°±ÝÀ» ÁÖ´Â °æ¿ì) Àû´ëÀû Àμöº¸´Ù ³´´Ù°í ´À³¥ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ µÎ·Á¿òÀÌ µÎ »ç¹«¿ëÇ° ¾÷ü Office Depot¿Í OfficeMax·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý 2¿ù 20ÀÏ ÇÕº´À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

 

Merger booms usually peak with the kind of deal that resembles a Las Vegas wedding after an alcohol-fuelled night: both parties regret it in the morning. (Think AOL and Time Warner in 2000.) Indeed, an awful lot of M&A turns out badly. Biennial KPMG surveys of transactions have never found more than 34% of deals adding value. Many acquirers are subject to the ¡°winner¡¯s curse¡±. In their eagerness to make a deal, they end up overpaying. Then again, bitter experience does not stop people from embarking on their third or fourth marriages.

ÇÕº´ ºÕÀº ¼ú¿¡ ÃëÇØ ÇÔ²² ¹ãÀ» º¸³½ ÈÄ Ä¡¸£´Â Las Vegas ½Ä(ãÒ) °áÈ¥½ÄÀ» ´àÀº °Å·¡¿Í ÇÔ²² ÃÖ°íÁ¶¿¡ À̸£°ï ÇÑ´Ù : ¾ÆħÀÌ µÇ¸é ¾çÂÊ ¸ðµÎ ÈÄȸÇÑ´Ù. (2000³â AOL°ú Time WarnerÀÇ °æ¿ì¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¶ó.) ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸¹Àº M&AÀÇ °á°ú´Â À߸øµÈ  °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǸíµÈ´Ù. °Å·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ KPMGÀÇ °Ý³â Á¶»ç¿¡¼­ °¡Ä¡°¡ Áõ°¡µÈ °Å·¡°¡ 34%¸¦ ³Ñ¾ú´ø ÀûÀº ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¹Àº Àμö±â¾÷Àº ¡°½ÂÀÚÀÇ ÀúÁÖ¡±¿¡ ºüÁú À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº °Å·¡¸¦ ¼º»ç½ÃÅ°·Á´Â ¿­ÀÇ ¶§¹®¿¡ °úµµÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ» Ä¡¸£°ï ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã, ¾²¶ó¸° °æÇèÀÌ ¼¼ ¹ø° ȤÀº ³× ¹ø° ÀμöÀÇ ¸ðÇè¿¡ ³ª¼­´Â »ç¶÷À» ¸»¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.


 
 
 
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